(六)、考研阅读理解文章的结构特点

　　对于一篇完整的英文说明文或者议论文来说，不论其形式看上去有多么复杂多样，但是套用一句老话：“万变不离其宗。”一般考研阅读的文章都是采取传统的三段论形式：即提出问题(提出说明的事物或者现象)、分析问题(对事物或者现象进行说明)、解决问题(对说明的事物或者现象进行总结)。当然这里所说的“三段论”不是指所有的文章都分为三个段落，但是大部分文章基本上都是由这三个部分组成的。下面我们列举几种具体的情况来进行简单的分析，并在每种模式后面都举出了一篇考研真题的文章以帮助具体考生理解这些模式的特点，考生在平时的复习中也应该自己注意训练相关的判断力。

　　模式1、第一部分：提出问题，可以开门见山地提出问题或者先阐述他人的观点然后揭示自己与之相左的观点;

　　第二部分：层层递进地进行分析，段落之间的逻辑联系非常强，每一段的论述都之前一段为依据，这些段落经常以moreover, further,

furthermore, besides, in addition 等词语或者词组开头;

　　第三部分：在第二部分逻辑推理的基础上得出结论。

　　例文：95年Passage 3

　　In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to

informational needs become complicated. Many of life’ s problems which were

solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability

of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how

to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people

today.

　　In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World

War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many

years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is

cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when

needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of

information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things

once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended

family must be consciously learned.

　　Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information.

The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the

task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific

problem is complicated , time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .

　　Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of

technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with

greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer

technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable

files, and to program computers to locate specific information.

Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television,

radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of

messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events

at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through

teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the

participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference

site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and

delivery of information, thus making more information available to more

people.

　　In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of

greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date

information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their

business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power"

may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical

requirement of all people.

　　其中中间三段的第一句话都是对上文的承接并引出新的话题，分别为“In addition to this…”、“Adding to societal

changes is an enormous stockpile of information”、“Coupled with the growing

quantity of information is…”。

　　模式2、第一部分：开头提出一个概念、一个中心思想或者一种现象;

　　第二部分：围绕着这个概念、中心思想或者现象，从各个方面进行分析和解释说明，这种文章比较容易定位其主旨;

　　第三部分：对文章进行总结，并再一次对该概念、中心思想进行阐述，或对相关现象进行说明。

　　例文：2000年Passage 5

　　If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition health,

distinction, control over one’s destiny must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices

made on ambition’s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it

must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who

are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way,

However, it is the educated who have claimed to have give up on have give up on

ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from

ambition-if not always their own the that of their parents and grandparents.

There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after

the horses have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them.

　　Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now

than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs. The locations, place names

and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than

a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully

to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought

pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical

spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of

American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical

books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating

participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled

in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional,

the proper formulation is," Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing

ambitious."

　　The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public

defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive.

As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be

admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever

been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that

people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer

openly honored, it is less openly underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the

way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and

in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in

life.

　　这篇文章主要围绕着地质活动的热点(hot pot)理论这个概念进行讨论。

　　模式3、第一部分：提出问题，该问题涵盖了两个方面(或者更多);

　　第二部分：分别对这两(或更多)个方面进行分析和论述;

　　第三部分：总结全文，其中包含了对以上所涉及的各个方面的概括。

　　例文：2001年Passage1

　　Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing

accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into

smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as

the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of

related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another

was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.

　　No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in

science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word 'amateur'

does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into

the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The

growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent

requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for

amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those

areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and

can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United

Kingdom.

　　A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a

half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but

also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.

Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile

research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have

increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and

reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have

continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to

make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result

that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by

national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological

journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development,

separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or

amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to

professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific

societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies

or to come together nationally in a different way.

　　Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already

well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full

consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science

generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial

period for this change in the structure of science.

　　文章开头就提出了问题的两个方面，即科学发展的specialization(专业化)和professionalization(职业化)。

　　模式4、第一部分：提出一个现存的需要解决问题;

　　第二部分：分析问题产生的原因，存在的因素以及可能的解决方案，作者可能提到几个不同的解决方案，但是之后作者自己认可的那种方案才是文章的重点和主题

　　第三部分：对问题进行总结说明并进一步强调作者支持的那种解决办法。

　　例文：1999年Passage 2

　　In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved

around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to

be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and

services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because

businesspeople typically know what product they’re looking for.

　　Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts

about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway

between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester

Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions

only with established business partners who are given access to the company’ s

private internet .

　　Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the

technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing

activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the

past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies

to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages

directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a

screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements

to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information

they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies

such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to

push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other

events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online

culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen

comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the

screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a

prospect that horrifies Net purists.

　　But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort

to push strategies to make ,

and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with

the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online

customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a

good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5

or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online

plunge.

　　模式5、第一部分：把开头分为两段，第一段不直接进入要论述的问题和作者的观点，而是通过一个引子展开，或讲述一个有趣的故事、或交待一些背景知识，到了第二段才正式提出问题，因此在这种情况下考生要避免直接去第一段找主旨，而是要通过阅读全文正确地定位主题所在段落;

　　第二部分：对提出的问题进行论述;

　　第三部分：得出结论，总结全文。

　　例文：1994年Passage 2

　　One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued

credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and

hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking

services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read

automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered

locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the

"cashless society" is not on the horizon—it’s already here.

　　While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many

advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than

simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold

what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of

their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are

moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At

the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees

are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made

accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional

campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons.

Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to

emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers

keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the

production process itself.

　　Numerous other commercial enterprise, from theaters to magazine publishers,

from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more

efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.

　　文章第一段通篇在谈论信用卡服务的优点，而第二段的第一句话才是主题句，指出了使用计算机的便利，因为信用卡的便利正式由于计算机技术的发展和普及带来的。

　　模式6、第一部分：提出问题，作者将要对该问题的存在进行指责和批判;

　　第二部分：从各个方面或者各个层次对问题进行反驳;

　　第三部分：指出问题存在根本原因、可能带来的后果、相应的改进措施、或者正确的看法和观点等。

　　例文：这类反证类的文章至今还没有在考研真题中出现过，但是考生应该对这种模式有所了解。

　　此外，考研阅读理解的文章一般都会有比较清晰的行文脉络，掌握这些规律也会有助于对文章整体的把握，甚至还可以帮助考生预见文章中可能会出现的观点和发展方向。

　　常见的行文脉络有以下几种：

　　 一般——具体：文章开头先提出一个总的抽象的概念或者观点，接下来的各个段落具体说明第一段的观点，把抽象的概念具体化到一些事件上。

　　 具体——一般：文章开头提出一个具体的问题或者事件，接下来几段从各个方面分别说明，最后一点进行总结并把观点抽象到一般的层面。

　　 时间顺序：这种行文脉络出现在自然科学类的文章中比较多，一般通过时间先后顺序来说明某一种理论的发展或者某一项研究的进展程度。

　　 对比：这类文章的主要目的目的在于对比两种观点、两个事物的共同点或者差异等。

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