地图题TMD又来了!附5月13日笔试回忆(大陆卷)

　　听力

　　Section 1：电话咨询节目时间安排

　　1-4. Matching

　　A. Sold out

　　B. No cheap ticket available

　　C. Dates changed

　　D. Changed to a new starting time

　　E. It is cancelled

　　F. Different performers

　　G. Git it for free

　　1. Drama 1 - D

　　2. Drama 2 - E

　　3. Drama 3 - G

　　4. Drama 4 - A

　　5. Opera

　　6. 30

　　7. Theatre

　　8. Library

　　9. Town hall

　　10. Studio

　　Section 2：买房

　　Section 3：考古课程讨论

　　21. Classical history

　　22. Compulsory

　　23. Object matters

　　24. Classification

　　25. Coursework

　　26. Towns and Cities

　　27. Origins

　　28. Oral

　　29. Location

　　30. Seminars

　　Section 4：极限运动的历史

　　31. Lifestyle

　　32. Equipment

　　33. Traditional

　　34. Company

　　35. Golf

　　36. Regulations

　　37. Training

　　38. Fear

　　39. Entertainment

　　40. Community

　　阅读

　　Passage 1：蝴蝶农场

　　A

　　THERE’S no animal that symbolises rainforest diversity quite as

spectacularly as the tropical butterfly. Anyone lucky enough to see these

creatures flitting between patches of sunlight cannot fail to be impressed by

the variety of theirpatterns. But why do they display such colourful exuberance?

Until recently, this was almost as pertinent a question as it had been when the

19th-century naturalists, armed only with butterfly nets and insatiable

curiosity, battled through the rainforests. These early explorers soon realised

that although some of the butterflies’ bright colours are there to attract a

mate, others are warning signals. They send out a message to any predators:

“Keep off, we're poisonous.” And because wearing certain patterns affords

protection, other species copy them. Biologists use the term “mimicry rings” for

these clusters of impostors and their evolutionary idol.

　　B

　　But here's the conundrum. “Classical mimicry theory says that only a single

ring should be found in any one area,” explains George Beccaloni of the Natural

History Museum, London. The idea is that in each locality there should be just

the one pattern that best protects its wearers. Predators would quickly learn to

avoid it and eventually all mimetic species in a region should converge upon it.

“The fact that this is patently not the case has been one of the major problems

in mimicry research,” says Beccaloni. In pursuit of a solution to the mystery of

mimetic exuberance, Beccaloni set off for one of the megacentres for butterfly

diversity, the point where the western edge of the Amazon basin

　　meets the foothills of the Andes in Ecuador. “It’s exceptionally rich,

but

　　comparatively well collected, so I pretty much knew what was there,

says

　　Beccaloni.” The trick was to work out how all the butterflies were

organised and how this related to mimicry.”

　　C

　　Working at the Jatun Sacha Biological Research Station on the banks of

　　the Rio Napo, Beccaloni focused his attention on a group of butterflies

　　called ithomiines. These distant relatives of Britain’s Camberwell

Beauty

　　are abundant throughout Central and South America and the Caribbean.

　　They are famous for their bright colours, toxic bodies and complex mimetic

relationships. “They can comprise up to 85 per cent of the individuals in a

mimicry ring and their patterns are mimicked not just by butterflies, but by

other insects as diverse as damselflies and true bugs,” says Philip DeVries of

the Milwaukee Public Museum’s Center for Biodiversity Studies.

　　D

　　Even though all ithomiines are poisonous, it is in their interests to

evolve

　　to look like one another because predators that learn to avoid one

species

　　will also avoid others that resemble it. This is known as Miillerian

mimicry. Mimicry rings may also contain insects that are not toxic, but gain

protection by looking likes a model species that is: an adaptation called

Batesian mimicry. So strong is an experienced predator’s avoidance response that

even quite inept resemblance gives some protection. “Often there will be a whole

series of species that mimic, with varying degrees of verisimilitude, a focal or

model species,” says John Turner from the University of Leeds. “The results of

these deceptions are some of the most exquisite examples of evolution known to

science.” In addition to colour, many mimics copy behaviours and even the flight

pattern of their model species.

　　E

　　But why are there so many different mimicry rings? One idea is that species

flying at the same height in the forest canopy evolve to look like one another.

“It had been suggested since the 1970s that mimicry complexes were stratified by

flight height,” says DeVries. The idea is that wing colour patterns are

camouflaged against the different patterns of light and shadow at each level in

the canopy, providing a first line of defence against predators.” But the light

patterns and wing patterns don’t match very well,” he says. And observations

show that the insects do not shift in height as the day progresses and the light

patterns change. Worse still, according to DeVries, this theory doesn’t explain

why the model species is flying at that particular height in the first

place.

　　F

　　“When I first went out to Ecuador, I didn’t believe the flight height

hypothesis and set out to test it,” says Beccaloni.”A few weeks with the

collecting net convinced me otherwise. They really flew that way.” What he

didn’t accept, however, was the explanation about light patterns. “I thought, if

this idea really is true, and I can work out why, it could help explain why

there are so many different warning patterns in any one place. Then we might

finally understand how they could evolve in such a complex way.” The job was

complicated by the sheer diversity of species involved at Jatun Sacha. Not only

were there 56 ithomiine butterfly species divided among eight mimicry rings,

there were also 69 other insect species, including 34 day-flying moths and a

damselfly, all in a

　　200-hectare study area. Like many entomologists before him, Beccaloni used

a large bag-like net to capture his prey. This allowed him to sample the 2.5

metres immediately above the forest floor. Unlike many previous workers, he kept

very precise notes on exactly where he caught his specimens.

　　G

　　The attention to detail paid off. Beccaloni found that the mimicry rings

were flying at two quite separate altitudes. “Their use of the forest was quite

distinctive,” he recalls. “For example, most members of the clear-winged mimicry

ring would fly close to the forest floor, while the majority of the 12 species

in the tiger-winged ring fly high up.” Each mimicry ring had its own

characteristic flight height.

　　H

　　However, this being practice rather than theory, things were a bit fuzzy.

“They'd spend the majority of their time flying at a certain height. But they'd

also spend a smaller proportion of their time flying at other heights,”

Beccaloni admits. Species weren’t stacked rigidly like passenger jets waiting to

land, but they did appear to have a preferred airspace in the forest. So far, so

good, but he still hadn’t explained what causes the various groups of ithomiines

and their chromatic consorts to fly in formations at these particular

heights.

　　I

　　Then Beccaloni had a bright idea. “I started looking at the distribution of

ithomiine larval food plants within the canopy,” he says. “For each one I’d

record the height to which the host plant grew and the height above the ground

at which the eggs or larvae were found. Once I got them back to the field

station’s lab, it was just a matter of keeping them alive until they pupated and

then hatched into adults which I could identify.”

　　1. E

　　2. B

　　3. G

　　4. F

　　5. D

　　6. FALSE

　　7. TRUE

　　8. NOT GIVEN

　　9. FALSE

　　10. NOT GIVEN

　　11. TRUE

　　12. D

　　13. B

　　Passage 2：新西兰社区重建

　　14. vi

　　15. viii

　　16. v

　　17. iii

　　18. ix

　　19. vii

　　20. ii

　　21. D

　　22. B

　　23. C

　　24. Density

　　25. Architects

　　26. Budget

　　27. Garden

　　Passage 3：创新的差距

　　THE GAP of INGENUITY 2

　　Ingenuity, as I define it here, consists not only of ideas for new

technologies like computers or drought-resistant crops but, more fundamentally,

of ideas for better institutions and social arrangements, like efficient markets

and competent governments.

　　How much and what kinds of ingenuity a society requires depends on a range

of factors, including the society's goals and the circumstances within which it

must achieve those goals——whether it has a young population or an aging one, an

abundance of natural resources or a scarcity of them, an easy climate or a

punishing one, whatever the case may be.

　　How much and what kinds of ingenuity a society supplies also depends on

many factors, such as the nature of human inventiveness and understanding, the

rewards an economy gives to the producers of useful knowledge, and the strength

of political opposition to social and institutional reforms.

　　A good supply of the right kind of ingenuity is essential, but it isn't, of

course, enough by itself. We know that the creation of wealth, for example,

depends not only on an adequate supply of useful ideas but also on the

availability of other, more conventional factors of production, like capital and

labor. Similarly, prosperity, stability and justice usually depend on the

resolution, or at least the containment, of major political struggles over

wealth and power. Yet within our economics ingenuity often supplants labor, and

growth in the stock of physical plant is usually accompanied by growth in the

stock of ingenuity. And in our political systems, we need great ingenuity to set

up institutions that successfully manage struggles over wealth and power.

Clearly, our economic and political processes are intimately entangled with the

production and use of ingenuity.

　　The past century’s countless incremental changes in our societies around

the planet, in our technologies and our interactions with our surrounding

natural environments have accumulated to create a qualitatively new world.

Because these changes have accumulated slowly, It’s often hard for us to

recognize how profound and sweeping they've. They include far larger and denser

populations; much higher per capita consumption of natural resources; and far

better and more widely available technologies for the movement of people,

materials, and especially information.

　　In combination, these changes have sharply increased the density,

intensity, and pace of our inter actions with each other; they have greatly

increased the burden we place on our natural environment; and they have helped

shift power from national and international institutions to individuals and

subgroups, such as political special interests and ethnic factions.

　　As a result, people in all walks of life-from our political and business

leaders to all of us in our day-to-day——must cope with much more complex,

urgent, and often unpredictable circumstances. The management of our

relationship with this new world requires immense and ever-increasing amounts of

social and technical ingenuity. As we strive to maintain or increase our

prosperity and improve the quality of our lives, we must make far more

sophisticated decisions, and in less time, than ever before.

　　When we enhance the performance of any system, from our cars to the

planet's network of financial institutions, we tend to make it more complex.

Many of the natural systems critical to our well-being, like the global climate

and the oceans, are extraordinarily complex to begin with. We often can't

predict or manage the behavior of complex systems with much precision, because

they are often very sensitive to the smallest of changes and perturbations, and

their behavior can flip from one mode to another suddenly and dramatically. In

general, as the human-made and natural systems we depend upon become more

complex, and as our demands on them increase, the institutions and technologies

we use to manage them must become more complex too, which further boosts our

need for ingenuity.

　　The good news, though, is that the last century's stunning changes in our

societies and technologies have not just increased our need for ingenuity; they

have also produced a huge increase in its supply. The growth and urbanization of

human populations have combined with astonishing new communication and

transportation technologies to expand interactions among people and produce

larger, more integrated, and more efficient markets. These changes have, in

turn, vastly accelerated the generation and delivery of useful ideas.

　　But—and this is the critical "but"——we should not jump to the conclusion

that the supply of ingenuity always increases in lockstep with our ingenuity

requirement: While it's true that necessity is often the mother of invention, we

can't always rely on the right kind of ingenuity appearing when and where we

need it. In many cases, the complexity and speed of operation of today's vital

economic, social, arid ecological systems exceed the human brains grasp. Very

few of us have more than a rudimentary understanding of how these systems work.

They remain fraught with countless "unknown unknowns," which makes it hard to

supply the ingenuity we need to solve problems associated with these

systems.

　　In this book, explore a wide range of other factors that will limit our

ability to supply the ingenuity required in the coming century. For example,

many people believe that new communication technologies strengthen democracy and

will make it easier to find solutions to our societies' collective problems, but

the story is less clear than it seems. The crush of information in our everyday

lives is shortening our attention span, limiting the time we have to reflect on

critical matters of public policy, and making policy arguments more

superficial.

　　Modern markets and science are an important part of the story of how we

supply ingenuity. Markets are critically important, because they give

entrepreneurs an incentive to produce knowledge. As for science, although it

seems to face no theoretical limits, at least in the foreseeable future,

practical constraints often slow its progress. The cost of scientific research

tends to increase as it delves deeper into nature. And science's rate of advance

depends on the characteristic of the natural phenomena it investigates, simply

because some phenomena are intrinsically harder to understand than others, so

the production of useful new knowledge in these areas can be very slow.

Consequently, there is often a critical time lag between the recognition between

a problem and the delivery of sufficient ingenuity, in the form of technologies,

to solve that problem. Progress in the social sciences is especially slow, for

reasons we don't yet understand; but we desperately need better social

scientific knowledge to build the sophisticated institutions today’s world

demands.

　　Questions:

　　Complete each sentence with the appropriate answer, A, B, C, or D

　　Write the correct answer in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.

　　27 The definition of ingenuity

　　28 The requirement for ingenuity

　　29 The creation of social wealth

　　30 The stability of society

　　A depends on many factors including climate.

　　B depends on the management and solution of disputes.

　　C is not only of technological advance, but more of institutional

renovation.

　　D also depends on the availability of some traditional resources.

　　Question 31-33

　　Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

　　Write your answers in boxes 31-33 on your answer sheet.

　　31 What does the author say about the incremental change of the last 100

years?

　　A It has become a hot scholastic discussion among environmentalists.

　　B Its significance is often not noticed.

　　C It has reshaped the natural environments we live in.

　　D It benefited a much larger population than ever.

　　32 The combination of changes has made life.

　　A easier

　　B faster

　　C slower

　　D less sophisticated

　　33 What does the author say about the natural systems?

　　A New technologies are being developed to predict change with

precision.

　　B Natural systems are often more sophisticated than other systems.

　　C Minor alterations may cause natural systems to change dramatically.

　　D Technological developments have rendered human being more independent of

natural systems.

　　Question 34-40

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading

Passage 3?

　　In boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet, write

　　YES if the statement is true

　　NO if the statement is false

　　NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

　　34 The demand for ingenuity has been growing during the past 100 years.

　　35 The ingenuity we have may be inappropriate for solving problems at

hand.

　　36 There are very few who can understand the complex systems of the present

world.

　　37 More information will help us to make better decisions.

　　38 The next generation will blame the current government for their

conduct.

　　39 Science tends to develop faster in certain areas than others.

　　40 Social science develops especially slowly because it is not as important

as natural science.

　　27. C

　　28. A

　　29. D

　　30. B

　　31. B

　　32. B

　　33. C

　　34. YES

　　35. YES

　　36. YES

　　37. NO

　　38. NOT GIVEN

　　39. YES

　　40. NO

　　写作

　　A类：小作文地图;

　　大作文：In some countries, it is possible for people to have a variety of food

that has been transported from all over the world.Do the advantages outweigh the

disadvantages?